193: In the Balkans, the distinguished soldier Septimius Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum.
715: Constantine ends his reign as Catholic Pope.
1241: In the Battle of Liegnitz, Mongol armies defeat Poles and Germans.
1454: The city states of Venice, Milan and Florence sign a peace agreement at Lodi, Italy.
1682: Robert La Salle claims lower Mississippi River and all lands that touch it for France.
1731: British Captain Robert Jenkins loses an ear to a band of Spanish brigands, starting a war between Britain and Spain: The War of Jenkins’ Ear.
1770: Captain James Cook discovers Botany Bay on the Australian continent.
1859: Realizing that France has encouraged the Piedmontese forces to mobilize for invading Italy, Austria begins mobilizing its army.
1865: General Robert E. Lee surrenders his rebel forces to Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, Va.
1900: British forces route Boers at Kroonstadt, South Africa.
1916: The German army launches its third offensive during the Battle of Verdun.
1917: The Battle of Arras begins as Canadian troops begin a massive assault on Vimy Ridge.
1921: Russo-Polish conflict ends with signing of the Riga Treaty.
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